Table 4 Glycemic variables, vitamin D, inflammation, and oxidative stress biomarkers before and after the intervention in T2DM patients

 Before

7.87 ± 0.29

7.59 ± 0.56

6.89 ± 0.23

6.73 ± 0.33

 After

5.54 ± 0.11

5.73 ± 0.18

6.20 ± 0.26

6.97 ± 0.23

 P†

0.011*

0.024*

0.031*

0.048*

 Δ

−2.33 ± 0.18 ^μ€β

−1.86 ± 0.38 ^€β

−0.69 ± 0.14 ^β

0.24 ± 0.1

0.016 ¥

 Before

169.76 ± 2.05

158.23 ± 2.41

150.18 ± 1.44

153.33 ± 2.54

 After

149.23 ± 1.67

146.14 ± 1.32

145.11 ± 2.23

157.39 ± 2.22

 P†

0.001*

0.001*

0.001*

0.003*

 Δ

−20.53 ± 0.38 ^μ€β

− 12.09 ± 1.09 ^€β

− 5.07 ± 0.79 ^β

4.06 ± 0.32

0.001 ¥

 Before

3.30 ± 0.16

2.97 ± 0.26

2.55 ± 0.19

2.55 ± 0.24

 After

2.04 ± 0.23

2.07 ± 0.12

2.22 ± 0.31

2.71 ± 0.15

 P†

0.011*

0.019*

0.027*

0.047*

 Δ

−1.26 ± 0.07 ^μ€β

−0.90 ± 0.14 ^€β

−0.33 ± 0.12 ^β

0.16 ± 0.09

0.026 ¥

 Before

22.22 ± 1.29

21.45 ± 2.57

23.17 ± 1.02

23.20 ± 3.41

 After

39.67 ± 0.84

28.26 ± 1.62

34.18 ± 1.24

22.70 ± 1.64

 P†

0.001*

0.002*

0.001*

0.111

 Δ

17.45 ± 0.45 ^μ€β

6.81 ± 0.95 ^€β

11.01 ± 0.22 ^β

−0.50 ± 1.77

0.001 ^¥

 Before

2.91 ± 0.15

2.78 ± 0.11

2.85 ± 0.10

2.81 ± 0.16

 After

2.36 ± 0.17

2.43 ± 0.10

2.60 ± 0.12

2.96 ± 0.22

 P†

0.011*

0.027*

0.039*

0.045*

 Δ

−0.55 ± 0.02 ^μ€β

−0.35 ± 0.01 ^€β

− 0.25 ± 0.02 ^β

0.15 ± 0.06

0.019 ¥

 Before

46.30 ± 2.09

48.08 ± 4.23

47.11 ± 2.21

47.50 ± 2.64

 After

62.60 ± 1.23

61.11 ± 2.03

54.16 ± 1.38

43.11 ± 1.25

 P†

0.001*

0.001*

0.001*

0.001*

 Δ

16.30 ± 0.86 ^μ€β

13.03 ± 2.20 ^€β

9.05 ± 0.83 ^β

−4.39 ± 1.39

0.001 ¥

 Before

472.21 ± 19.08

478.23 ± 20.25

489.13 ± 28.23

492.23 ± 21.08

 After

580.26 ± 10.36

540.17 ± 11.45

525.34 ± 18.21

478.90 ± 8.19

 P†

0.001*

0.001*

0.001*

0.015*

 Δ

108.05 ± 8.72 ^μ€β

61.94 ± 8.80 ^€β

36.21 ± 10.02 ^β

−13.33 ± 12.89

0.001 ¥

 Before

2.31 ± 0.03

2.15 ± 0.08

2.18 ± 0.08

2.11 ± 0.06

 After

1.89 ± 0.08

1.93 ± 0.05

2.04 ± 0.09

2.20 ± 0.03

 P†

0.002*

0.023*

0.032*

0.047*

 Δ

−0.42 ± 0.05 ^μ€β

−0.22 ± 0.03 ^€β

−0.14 ± 0.901^β

0.09 ± 0.03

0.021 ¥

 Before

910.80 ± 32.68

886.15 ± 19.23

890.33 ± 24.43

906.20 ± 27.13

 After

981.53 ± 21.46

936.36 ± 12.34

919.65 ± 14.06

887.12 ± 11.38

 P†

0.001*

0.001*

0.017*

0.036*

 Δ

70.73 ± 11.22 ^μ€β

50.21 ± 6.89 ^€β

29.32 ± 10.37 ^β

−19.08 ± 15.75

0.001 ¥

 Before

23.11 ± 1.08

22.10 ± 2.03

21.17 ± 2.13

22.43 ± 1.87

 After

18.12 ± 2.26

19.56 ± 1.34

20.08 ± 1.16

22.85 ± 0.74

 P†

0.014*

0.029*

0.037*

0.043*

 Δ

−4.99 ± 1.18 ^μ€β

−2.54 ± 0.69 ^€β

−1.09 ± 0.97 ^β

0.42 ± 1.13

0.015 ¥

 Before

13.22 ± 1.17

12.50 ± 0.58

12.33 ± 1.33

12.15 ± 0.36

 After

9.95 ± 0.67

11.14 ± 1.14

11.63 ± 1.09

12.45 ± 0.63

 P†

0.019*

0.021*

0.032*

0.046*

 Δ

−3.27 ± 0.50 ^μ€β

−1.36 ± 0.56 ^€β

−0.70 ± 0.24 ^β

0.40 ± 0.27

0.018 ¥

 Before

82.13 ± 2.14

83.14 ± 3.17

84.23 ± 2.31

83.55 ± 1.30

 After

93.95 ± 3.67

89.16 ± 2.04

88.22 ± 1.36

81.64 ± 2.23

 P†

0.001*

0.001*

0.012*

0.038*

 Δ

11.82 ± 1.53 ^μ€β

6.02 ± 1.13 ^€β

3.99 ± 0.95 ^β

−2.91 ± 0.93

0.001 ¥

 Before

11.23 ± 0.97

11.39 ± 0.87

11.55 ± 0.18

11.45 ± 0.54

 After

13.95 ± 1.07

13.14 ± 0.75

12.84 ± 0.32

10.40 ± 0.40

 P†

0.016*

0.023*

0.036*

0.041*

 Δ

2.72 ± 0.10 ^μ€β

1.75 ± 0.12 ^€β

1.29 ± 0.14 ^β

−1.05 ± 0.15

0.021 ¥

 Before

176.23 ± 6.23

181.11 ± 7.05

178.22 ± 4.08

180.19 ± 3.29

 After

194.14 ± 4.27

191.24 ± 2.34

186.12 ± 2.24

177.11 ± 2.24

 P†

0.001*

0.001*

0.001*

0.021*

 Δ

17.91 ± 1.96 ^μ€β

10.13 ± 4.71 ^€β

7.90 ± 1.84 ^β

−3.08 ± 1.05

0.001 ¥