Anti-inflammatory effect of curcuminoids and their analogs in hyperosmotic human corneal limbus epithelial cells

Table 1 Cell viability of cyclosporin A 0.05% 1:500 compared with each analog

Tukey’s multiple comparisons test	Mean difference	95% CI of difference	Adjusted P-value
2 mM H₂O₂ vs. cyclosporin A 1:500	−62.17	−95.46 to − 28.87	< 0.0001
cyclosporin A 1:500 vs. 1 μm curcumin	−41.09	−74.38 to − 7.79	0.0040
cyclosporin A 1:500 vs. 10 μm curcumin	−43.91	−77.20 to − 10.62	0.0015
cyclosporin A 1:500 vs. 100 μm curcumin	−18.87	−52.16 to 14.43	0.8378
cyclosporin A 1:500 vs. 1 μm DC	−44.20	−77.50 to − 10.91	0.0013
cyclosporin A 1:500 vs. 10 μm DC	−48.85	−82.15 to − 15.56	0.0002
cyclosporin A 1:500 vs. 100 μm DC	−40.33	−73.62 to − 7.04	0.0052
cyclosporin A 1:500 vs. 1 μm BDC	−52.03	−85.32 to − 18.73	< 0.0001
cyclosporin A 1:500 vs. 10 μm BDC	−43.93	−77.22 to − 10.63	0.0015
cyclosporin A 1:500 vs. 100 μm BDC	−11.98	−45.28 to 21.31	0.9983
cyclosporin A 1:500 vs. 1 μm THC	−53.21	−86.51 to − 19.92	< 0.0001
cyclosporin A 1:500 vs. 10 μm THC	−48.04	−81.33 to − 14.75	0.0003
cyclosporin A 1:500 vs. 100 μm THC	−37.84	−71.13 to − 4.54	0.0120
cyclosporin A 1:500 vs. 1 μm THDC	−35.35	−68.64 to − 2.05	0.0268
cyclosporin A 1:500 vs. 10 μm THDC	−47.01	−80.30 to − 13.71	0.0005
cyclosporin A 1:500 vs. 100 μm THDC	−39.00	−72.30 to − 5.71	0.0081
cyclosporin A 1:500 vs. 1 μm THBDC	−53.32	−86.61 to − 20.02	< 0.0001
cyclosporin A 1:500 vs. 10 μm THBDC	−45.86	−79.16 to − 12.57	0.0007
cyclosporin A 1:500 vs. 100 μm THBDC	−50.61	−83.90 to − 17.31	0.0001

CI = confidence interval, DC = demethoxycurcumin, BDC = bisdemethoxycurcumin, THC = tetrahydrocurcumin, THDC = tetrahydrodemethoxycurcumin, and THBDC = tetrahydrobisdemethoxycurcumin

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